2A - The 20 Marker - SIMPLIFIED!

(a) - usually a 4 mark question. usually on spelling.

You will need to identify the word classes of the words given, and identify things like this...

*Extra final –e (vowel) or you could say appended –e or inflected vowel

*Doubling (vppon, natural, seurall) and Single consonants (maners)

*Omission of medial e: wherby, somtimes

*Omission of final e: diuers


*Interchange: I/Y or U/V for example

*Inconsistencies or idiosyncratic spelling (the same word spelt differently in the same article due to no std)

*Phonetic spelling (words which look like they have been spelt how they sound due to no standard)

*Loan Words : French/Latin or borrowing (like the text A in travel writing example)

(b) - usually a 4 marker, usually on language change, but will use spellings/grammar as examples.

You will need to identify the word classes of the words given, and identify things like this...

 *Still all of the spelling patterns from above

But you will need to explain the significance of them by referring to these language change issues...

*Inconsistent spellings due to the fact text is pre 1755 (first dictionary) so no std.

*Prestandardisation in general

*Spelling inconsistencies due to regional variation.

*Words which have merged/blended or become simplified over time.

*Words which have gone through semantic change, narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration.
*Archaic affixation (suffix/prefix

(c) - usually a 4 marker, usually on grammar

You will need to identify the word classes of the words given where RELEVANT, and identify things like this...

*2nd and 3rd person archaic verb inflections

*Inverted syntax

*Inversion of verb and negator ('know not', instead of 'do not know')

*Lack of contraction where we would use one today - contractions much more common once Modern English/Late Modern English emerged.

 *Absence of auxilliary verbs such as 'do' in verb phrases (We would say 'do not think', they would have said 'think not')
*Archaic affixation (suffix/prefix)
*Archaic 2nd person pronouns (subject 'thou', object 'thee')

(d) An 8 marker on grammatical structure and punctuation.

You will need to identify at least FOUR examples of historical features from that time period, identify them, give examples of them, and explain how they are different to LME (Late Modern English). Things such as...

*Colons or Sem-colons used instead of commas.

*Colons or Sem-colons used instead of full-stops (which became far more common in LME). You can identify these if you see a CAPITAL following a colon/semi-colon

*Irregular capitalisation of words - sometimes done to show importance.

*Lack of capitalisation on proper nouns (perhaps due to pre-std, or maybe some other pragmatic meaning)

*Lack of possessive apostrophe, resulting in an odd spelling pattern.

*Long complex sentences which seem to go on for a long time.

*Sentences which contain lots of additional subclauses (known as subordination) which usually start with begin with relative pronouns (which, that) etc

*Use of hyphens to form compounds whereas we would just join the two words in a full compound ('lawn-mower' instead of 'lawnmower')

*Plural pronoun attached to singular noun (their stomache, their heart etc)